How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid

The most effective method to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid Figuring the pH of a feeble corrosive is more muddled than deciding the pH of a solid corrosive in light of the fact that frail acids dont totally separate in water. Luckily, the equation for computing pH is basic. Heres what you do. Key Takeaways: pH of a Weak Acid Finding the pH of a powerless corrosive is more confused than discovering pH of a solid corrosive on the grounds that the corrosive doesn't completely separate into its ions.The pH condition is as yet the equivalent (pH - log[H]), yet you have to utilize the corrosive separation steady (Ka) to discover [H].There are two fundamental techniques for settling for hydrogen particle fixation. One includes the quadratic condition. The different accept the powerless corrosive scarcely separates in water and approximates the pH. Which one you pick relies upon how exact you need the response to be. For schoolwork, utilize the quadratic condition. For a snappy gauge in the lab, utilize the guess. pH of a Weak Acid Problem What is the pH of a 0.01 M benzoic corrosive arrangement? Given: benzoic corrosive Ka 6.5 x 10-5 Arrangement Benzoic corrosive separates in water as: C6H5COOH â†' H C6H5COO- The recipe for Ka is: Ka [H][B-]/[HB] where:[H] convergence of H ions[B-] grouping of conjugate base ions[HB] centralization of undissociated corrosive moleculesfor a response HB â†' H B- Benzoic corrosive separates one H particle for each C6H5COO-particle, so [H] [C6H5COO-]. Let x speak to the convergence of H that separates from HB, at that point [HB] C - x where C is the underlying fixation. Enter these qualities into the Ka condition: Ka x  · x/(C - x)Ka xâ ²/(C - x)(C - x)Ka xâ ²xâ ² CKa - xKax ² Kax - CKa 0 Unravel for x utilizing the quadratic condition: x [-b  ± (bâ ² - 4ac)â ½]/2a x [-Ka (Kaâ ² 4CKa) ½]/2 **Note** Technically, there are two answers for x. Since x speaks to a grouping of particles in arrangement, the incentive for x can't be negative. Enter values for Ka and C: Ka 6.5 x 10-5C 0.01 M x {-6.5 x 10-5 [(6.5 x 10-5)â ² 4(0.01)(6.5 x 10-5)]â ½}/2x (- 6.5 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-3)/2x (1.5 x 10-3)/2x 7.7 x 10-4 Discover pH: pH - log[H] pH - log(x)pH - log(7.7 x 10-4)pH - (- 3.11)pH 3.11 Answer The pH of a 0.01 M benzoic corrosive arrangement is 3.11. Arrangement: Quick and Dirty Method to Find Weak Acid pH Most powerless acids scarcely separate in arrangement. In this arrangement we found the corrosive just separated by 7.7 x 10-4 M. The first focus was 1 x 10-2 or multiple times more grounded than the separated particle fixation. Qualities for C - x at that point, would be extremely near C to appear to be unaltered. On the off chance that we substitute C for (C - x) in the Ka condition, Ka xâ ²/(C - x)Ka xâ ²/C With this, there is no compelling reason to utilize the quadratic condition to illuminate for x: xâ ² Ka ·C xâ ² (6.5 x 10-5)(0.01)xâ ² 6.5 x 10-7x 8.06 x 10-4 Discover pH pH - log[H] pH - log(x)pH - log(8.06 x 10-4)pH - (- 3.09)pH 3.09 Note the two answers are about indistinguishable with just 0.02 contrast. Additionally notice the contrast between the primary strategies x and the second techniques x is just 0.000036 M. For most research center circumstances, the subsequent strategy is adequate and a lot more straightforward. Check your work before detailing a worth. The pH of a powerless corrosive ought to be under 7 (not unbiased) and its typically not exactly the incentive for a solid corrosive. Note there are exemptions. For instance, the pH of hydrochloric corrosive is 3.01 for a 1 mM arrangement, while the pH of hydrofluoric corrosive is additionally low, with an estimation of 3.27 for a 1 mM arrangement. Sources Bates, Roger G. (1973). Assurance of pH: hypothesis and practice. Wiley.Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985). Meanings of pH scales, standard reference esteems, estimation of pH, and related wording. Unadulterated Appl. Chem. 57 (3): 531â€542. doi:10.1351/pac198557030531Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (second ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130399137.Myers, Rollie J. (2010). One-Hundred Years of pH. Diary of Chemical Education. 87 (1): 30â€32. doi:10.1021/ed800002cMiessler G. L.; Tarr D .A. (1998). Inorganic Chemistry (second ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-841891-8.

Sensory Preception

In my choice I accept that one can confide in the human faculties to give us an exact perspective on the world. My explanation behind accepting this is on the grounds that everything that we believe are seen begins with our reasoning and faculties. We have five detects, Taste, sight, smell, contact and hear, and with these sense we can work in this world. As per the perusing the greater part of our reasoning is tangible intuitive: after the entirety of our mind is enfleshed in our faculties, in this way at some point our faculties can be precise and at times they can be inaccurate.The exactness of my faculties can be on moment that things are clear and there is nothing blurring my reasoning, model when I have had a decent day and there have been no interruptions then things bode well. Then again the day by day concerns which are introduced all in all may make my sense be modified thusly things that would bode well are contorted and tested. Our arousing recognition (utilizing sight fo r instance) can trick our cerebrum in three significant manners: restricted naturally, we see the shallow; corralled by custom, we see the ongoing; and blinded by language, we see the general.Provide at any rate three purposes behind putting stock in the exactness or incorrectness of tangible information data. My explanations behind having faith in the precision of tactile information are as per the following. 1. Smell would be one feeling of precision that I put stock in, in light of the fact that we utilize this to tell us when, a few things, for example, the condition that we are in is alright, for example on the off chance that we are in our homes, or at work and the smoke alarm goes off then we would analyze our encompasses to check whether everything is great, if not we would, leave in light of the fact that our smell of smoke and becoming aware of the caution reveals to us that there might be a fire. . Our hearing is another incredible asset that we are honored to have itâ₠¬â„¢s our most indispensable sense. It’s pivotal in correspondence, and is intelligent with our reasoning. Our hearing opens up the marvels of the world and causes us to investigate things that we would not in any case have the option to in bark upon. With our hearing we can perceive various sounds, for example, the breezes blowing and the downpour falling sounds, for example, music which has been demonstrated to seethe the mammoth in us.Example in the Bible 1 Samuel 16:23 and it happened, when the malicious soul from God was upon Saul, that David took a harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was invigorated, and was well, and the underhanded soul left from him. Lord James Bible (Cambridge Ed. ) All of which has come about in light of our hearing. 3. The intensity of touch is additionally an extraordinary tangible discernment that we have as a piece of our make up in the human body. It permits us to fell what is cold and hot, smooth are rough.If one gets visually impaired, t he feeling of touch turns into the most force device that the individual has, it’s through the pinch of the hand the one can understand words, or decide the contrast between a container and a cup, or the state of one’s eyes or commotion or lips. Contact permits us to take alert of warmth that might be on an oven or a chimney for dread that we may get singed. Again due to the exactness of our observation we can see such things as this.

Admission Essay Writing

Your confirmation paper is conceivably the most significant part of your application bundle, as it is this report separates you from the opposition. Our organization gives top notch affirmations expositions that dig into the novel traits of the candidate and order them with the necessities of their particular school. Furnish us with the uncovered realities of your achievements, and we make a report that presents these in the most ideal light to improve your picture to the entrance advisory board. Our Expertise Our authors have as much as ten years experience writing in this field, and the articles we produce have been reliably fruitful in helping gain admission to the most esteemed universities. One of our privileged insights is that huge numbers of our authors have themselves sat on entrance advisory boards for these scholarly organizations and know definitely what they require. In addition our scholars are adaptable and can take even the most common scholastic profile and with imagination transform it into something that will grab the attention of any confirmations board. Our Value We offer you the best mix of valuing and quality available. The worth you’ll get with our organization far exceeds the cost you’ll pay, as we fix our costs to stay serious with all others while offering a vastly improved help. Additionally, we ensure that you’ll be fulfilled or we’ll continue updating your work until you are. Our Plagiarism Guarantee No written falsification will ever be found in any exposition we convey to you, and that is a 100% assurance. Our essayists are held to exacting degrees of respectability. Besides, we check ever paper with hostile to written falsification programming before it gets to you so any (far-fetched) plausibility of counterfeiting is killed. Our Flexibility Our organization plans its essayists nonstop with the goal that we can fulfill whenever constraint. We administration standard requests with cutoff times inside a week or a couple of days, however we even work on express requests that are expected inside hours. Truth be told, our brisk and productive specialists can have your work prepared even inside six (6) hours of when you submit it.  Thesis Services Our Versatility Theses are likely the crown of the whole alumni profession, and they can once in a while be the hardest part to finish. Our adaptable and flexible journalists are here for you to give whole theses or to finish any piece of one that you may require done. We’ll give the presentation, writing survey, philosophy, information examination, results, end and that's only the tip of the iceberg. We will likewise accomplish chip away at inquire about recommendations. Theory Statement We create your proposition articulations cautiously, ensuring that they mirror the goals of a genuine theory that can be sufficiently managed inside the extent of your exposition. We likewise give close consideration to the statement’s claims and the suppositions on which it is based, with the goal that it depicts an unmistakable and reasonable heading for your thesis. Research Proposal Our scholars have long periods of experience assembling recommendations that search out territories wherein fundamental research might be directed. We are specialists at wedding enthusiasm and scholastic request and at finding and imparting the zones in which research can possibly improve the flow circumstance. Research Methodology The point by point nature of approachs makes it essential for specialists to be very meticulousâ€and this is unequivocally the quality that our essayists bring to the table. We give the moment consideration to the subtleties of your extend and examine each part of the systems. Besides, our essayists have over ten years of experience executing and recording different systems and plans for look into, with the goal that each technique will consistently be all around picked and suitable for the examination. Information/Statistical Analysis Our in-house journalists comprise of numerous analysts and different specialists who have had long stretches of presentation to the techniques for information investigation that are suitable for an exploration. Our scholars can perform quantitative or subjective investigation upon any type of information you give. Furthermore, we have best in class STATA and SPSS programming (among others) that will make your outcomes as exact as could be expected under the circumstances. Organizing We give designing administrations that gives you thesis the expert look that you want each and every time. This administration improves the format and realistic substance of your paper. (If it's not too much trouble note this isn't the administration that gives editing or altering, which must be requested independently.)

REPLY TWO PIST Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer TWO PIST - Assignment Example he Ducks.â We were all wearing Duck hues for that game, my companions purchased stock and wore the things bought at the football game.â This is low warrant on the grounds that the image can pass on every one of us being truly into sports or potentially fanatics of the Oregon Ducks.â One of us is a genuine Ducks fan and two out of the four of us is truly into sports.â Not detracting from the reality we as a whole had anâ amazing time and are somewhatâ fans of the Ducks.â But, Im sure the three out of the four of us can name multiple players in that football crew. One high warrant from a companions profile would be his own data, for example, his name, work, school data, where hes from, and his birthday.â He was a mentor and understudy at EDCC, was from Oak Harbor, and right now lives in Lynnwood.â This is high warrant, since this data has no equivocalness and this kind of data would be difficult to stow away or cover, expecting you was aware of him. In my companions profile, the image is low warrant since it depicts we all being Ducks fan, and I realize my companion would not have the option to name 2 players in the Ducks team.â He, just as I, are not large into sports.â His own data is high warrant since he is a dear companion of mine and saw each reality with respect to so. (In the first place, I would state that Nguyen’s recognizable proof of the low warrant bodes well. The data that his companion put on his profile can be controlled effectively and, henceforth less trustworthy. His recognizable proof of this low warrant is practically like what I distinguished. The low warrant that I recognized delineates my aunt’s message, which was in short structure, and I couldn't without much of a stretch comprehend it from the start, thus I could barely handle it. In like manner, this sort of data is probably going to be controlled and rendered less reasonable. I would likewise agree with Nguyen’s recognizable proof of prominent since such data is probably going to be acknowledged, henceforth they bode well. This high warrant is distinctive with what I

The Leadership Secrets of Santa Claus Essay examples -- essays researc

Coming up next is a book report about: The Leadership Secrets of Santa Claus, and was composed by, (Cottrell, et al., 2003). This is an eighty-page administration expertise building book, distributed by the Performance Systems Corporation in 2003. There are eight primary concerns (Santa Secrets) talked about by the writers in this book and I concur with them all. In any case, I will endeavor to uncover why I concur that to â€Å"Build A Wonderful Workshop† is significant, talk about one mystery (â€Å"Listen To The Elves†) I see being rehearsed in my unit, and express how I will initiate affecting to â€Å"Share The Milk And Cookies†. I concur with the authors’ thought of â€Å"Building a brilliant workshop†. This part talks on making our strategic fundamental thought while recollecting our guiding principle to assist us with remaining concentrated on our partners and reason. Our main goal, qualities, and group are the establishment, foundation, and center of what we do, how well we do it, why we do it, and how we see each other in our given jobs. On the off chance that we as a group truly keep this announcement and all it joins as our center, at that point I accept the other eight â€Å"secrets† can't be far away. One of the â€Å"secrets† I see being drilled in my unit is: â€Å"Listen to the Elves†. In this section the creator talks about the significance of welcoming support from the group. The writer additionally urges the peruser to see how others see them and to invest some energy strolling in their colleagues shoes. I accept this witticism includes the whole group, is a consistent work in progress...

love or lust

love or lust recently, i have been having a lot of thoughts about the ways in which finding and committing yourself to work you love is like romantic love and commitment. here are some of them. sometimes for me, this spring and summer were full of striking moments when i made big realizations about myself and i suddenly became more sure of major decisions about the future. they were the moments when i just knew, when my lingering doubts about going to grad school dissipated. there was a moment last semester when i felt this sense of clarity regarding the fact that there was nothing i would rather be doing than economics research. it’s not like that moment came out of nowhere?â€"?i’ve been course 14 since sophomore year, and i’ve liked the classes i’ve taken and books i’ve read enough to stay in the department, but i never felt totally sure about it. i would think about the other things i enjoyed, worry that i was giving up on other dreams, or i would just avoid thinking about the future altogether. but as i came up with ideas for my thesis and thought about professors i might want to work with over that summer, i had more and more moments where i allowed myself to be blown away and thoroughly impressed by the work i was learning about. i had time to appreciate the sheer coolness of the UROP that i had done that year, which i hadnt thought about before because i was so focused on just getting work done. i’m so profoundly grateful that this field of study even exists, that i get to do work where i think about discrimination and machine learning and lagrange multipliers in the same breath, where i get read and write (at various levels of technical-ness) and think about inequality and psychology but also do math and code and think about game theory and optimization. what a rush. this has been one of those weeks when lots of things feel at risk of going terribly wrong and i feel nervous about the future and mit is a minefield of tight deadlines and unexpected obstacles, but even this week, i’m grateful that i get to be here, doing the things i’m doing. sometimes there are those beautiful moments when everything seems to line up perfectly and you know exactly why you you’re doing what you’re doing. it’s like those moments in romantic relationships and even in friendships when you look over at the other person and all the stars align and you understand how and why you are perfect for each other, and you feel a deep sense of gratitude that you’re in each other’s lives. like, sometimes i look at my best friend and feel so happy that she exists. those moments. sometimes, it just feels right, and you just know, and sometimes you remain committed to that cause or job or person for the rest of your life, and sometimes, well, you make it work for as long as you can, but at some point you decide it’s not right anymore, and you end up making a big career change or transferring schools or getting a divorce or breaking up. and it’s scary and uncertain while it’s happening, but then you figure out a new way of living your life that makes you happy, and you get through the terror and can look back on it and smile. for now and hopefully for a long time, for me, it is right. other times but most moments aren’t like that?â€"?most days are just regular days full of work and play and joy and weariness and wakefulness and sleep and all the other tiny ups and downs that fill the hours. most days, i wake up under a cloud of mild anxiety and look at my to-do list and my calendar and try to avoid missing deadlines. most days i also laugh and sigh and see friends and go to classes and meetings and sometimes concerts and other events. last night i went to a poetry reading for a class; last weekend i went to the MFA, danced, worked, panicked. most days are just days. most days, the stars don’t align; they’re just stars. i love my work but sometimes i hate doing my work. sometimes you have to deal with a lot of crap, but you gotta remember that you would rather be dealing with this crap than any other crap from all the other sources of crap in the world. as the semester gets busier and more overwhelming, i try to make sure i remember this every single day. for the most part, everything that makes me busy this semester is something i want to be doing, and im grateful for that. i watched a lot of bojack horseman this summer. season 4 came out last monthits my favorite season of the show yet. marital/relationship strife is one of the central themes of the season, and in the middle of episode 6 there is this beautiful quote about commitment and marriage: Well, all weddings are lies, right? Youre making this big declaration about how youre gonna stay with this person forever, but you dont actually know that. Youre just saying it. The whole thing is a farceBut its a lie based on truth. Like, at the center of the farce theres this nugget of something real and pure. And that strange beautiful something is why you put up with everything else, right? And sometimes its hard to remember that pure, shining thing because its been painted over with so many arguments and compromises and disappointments. But you have to believe its still down there somewhere, even if you cant see it. And maybe even the belief in it is more important than the thing itself, but only as long as you still believe it. i think its kind of like that when youre making any sort of big commitmentthats what my relationship with mit is like, except that im only here for four years, not foreveri love mit for everything it represented before i came here, but some days, it is just so hard, and i have certainly had to repeatedly make compromises in my view of what life here is like. this has been one of those weeks, but i know that every semester i get through these weeks and am impressed with all that i was able to accomplish. (ihtfp) its also what my relationship with my academic loves is likewith math and economics, i understand in principle why i find these fields intriguing and worth spending time on, and some days my work feels fascinating and beautiful. but on equally many days i struggle and bash my head against a (metaphorical!!) wall and concern myself with deadlines and grades and whatever pile of work ive allocated to that day. a song ive been listening to thats vaguely about making compromises and growing older: work life i grew up around academics who are invigorated by their work and center their lives around it. it wasn’t until i came to mit (ironic, since this is campus of workaholics) that i came to understand that it’s also ok to have a job that’s just a job, that isn’t a calling, a job that doesn’t make you loathe the thought of going to work but also isn’t something you would do if money weren’t an issue. this is certainly a campus of workaholics who value their work highly and try to turn their dreams into jobs, but it’s also a campus full of people who juggle lots of other responsibilities and commitments and hobbies without any promise of recognition or reward. in labor economics, we learn about trading consumption (i.e. spending time working to earn wages so that you can consume more goods) for leisure. growing up, i always had the sense that the work was supposed to be the leisure, and it stressed me out when my work didn’t feel fun. i felt a lot of pressure to find my passion, as though doing work i loved and achieving professional success was the only way i was ever going to be happy. and while i’ve been tremendously grateful that there actually does exist work that i love, i also wish that i had realized that i was not going to find my passion by deliberately stressing about it?â€"?and also that i could also be fine and perfectly happy with doing work that did not occupy my entire life. i feel less, i dunno, existential dread about doing work i don’t like now. i remember that i’m a person fulfilling a commitment that happens to be not-fun and that finding my work temporarily unenjoyable doesn’t mean i’m on the wrong track, and even if it turns out that i am on the wrong track, well, i think ill be able to deal with it. ok phoebe, but whats your point there’s this idea that finding your calling involves holding up a mirror and searching deep in yourself for the thing you are passionate about, as though it’s a tiny flame or a shard of glass lodged in your heart or bones or foot or something. it’s like when people talk about searching the world for a soulmate that is everything they think they want, when people (me, tbh) try to plan things, like falling in love with a person or cause or profession, that almost never happen as planned. im relishing the feeling of (finally) really, really liking my work, but i also understand better now that work is not everything, that loving an academic field does not solve my problems any more than romantic love does. Post Tagged #Course 14 - Economics

NIKE Financial Analysis - 275 Words

Financial Statement Analysis: NIKE (Research Paper Sample) Content: Financial Statement Analysis: NIKE AnalysisStudent's NameInstitutionAbstractThe paper looks at Nike Inc has a formidable company to invest in. The paper conducts an extensive business analysis of the company in order to ascertain its current placement within the stock markets. Moving forward, the paper conducts both combined income and cash flow statement, and trend analysis in order to seal the commitment to invest with the company as a whole.Keywords: Nike Inc, business analysis, combined income and cash flow statement, and trend analysisFinancial Statement Analysis: NIKE AnalysisSection 1: Business AnalysisNike Inc was established in 1962 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The partnership venture at that time was named Blue Ribbon Sports (Nike Inc 2013). The initial objective of the company was to distribute low costs and higher quality athletic shoe ware to the United States market. Nowadays, the company is engaged in both the production and distribution of the ath letic shoes to both local and international markets. It is estimated that about 40% of the company's sales is derived from athletic apparel, sports gears and other external ventures (Forbes, 2013). It is important to mention that Nike Inc distributes its products, mostly designed athletic shoe ware, to over 200 markets that are mainly situated within the US, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa(Nike Inc 2013). Most notably, the company has, over a number of years, been engaged in intense and aggressive marketing strategies where 20,000 retailers, Nike Towns and stores as well as internet based platforms have been adopted as marketing platforms. Currently, the company boost of about 36,000 employees scattered across the globe (Nike Inc 2013).ProductNike Inc's primary product focus is on athletic shoe wares that are designed for specific sportswear and leisure uses. The company, in the recent years, has diversified to the sale of athletic apparels that are sourced from similar trademarks and brands. Also, the firm has adopted strategies effective for the sale of a line of performance equipment that include such products as sport balls, eyewear and bats (Nike Inc 2013).SWOT AnalysisInternal Environment: StrengthsIn respect to strength of the company, Nike Board of directors is made up of both management and independent directors. It is ascertained that these two forms of directors are able to influence the operations of the company in two distinctive ways. For instance, while the management directors are tasked with the responsibility of directly conducting the company's business at all times, the independent are able to avail external experiences. These external experiences avail a series of support for the management board since they help them devise newer ways of executing effective decision making processes. Drawing from this reasoning, it is fair to postulate that Nike enjoys an oversight type of board that plays an oversight role in respect to conducting effec tive strategic formulations (Nike Inc 2013).Another strength facet that the company enjoys rests with the different business strategies it has been able to adopt over the recent years. For instance, the company's management is competent enough to conduct internal evaluations and thereby make effective decisions that are based on the analysis. The recent improvements in the company's marketing research have facilitated the restoration of the athletic apparel section. This division within the company is set to increase its publicity in terms of fashion sensibility. The company enjoys robust Research Development process that has facilitated effective product and pricing strategies. For instance, the company continues to avail products for both the high-end and middle level customers in an attempt to increase its existing market share (Nike Inc 2013).The company also enjoys a series of both grand and competitive strategies within the market. For instance, due to its intense grand strat egies the company has been able to remain at par with the innovativeness currently being experienced in the sports market. This has been achieved through formulation of innovative policies that are as a result of intense RD activities. It should be noted that the higher level of innovation has facilitated and maintained higher quality products, which is has increased the market share extensively. On the other hand, due to competitive strategies, the company has been able to devise effective marketing strategies as well as product offerings through the adoption of product differentiation strategies. For example, the company, over the recent past, has been focusing on generation and distribution of fashionable footwear products. This is reflected with the company's production of such designed footwear as Old Navy and Ambercrombie Fitch that are meant for individual styles especially amongst the younger customers (Nike Inc 2013).The company enjoys a stronger corporate culture that is c haracterized by trustworthy and loyal employees who depict robust levels of team spirit. Subsequently, as a way of depicting oneness, the company's headquarters, in Beaverton-Oregon, is referred to as campus  instead of an office. Employees are referred to as players , the supervisors are coaches  and company meetings are huddles . This simple yet effective strategy has gone a long way to break monotony amongst employees while creating a formidable working relationship (Nike Inc 2013).The company enjoys a substantial leadership framework that is characterized by effective team management techniques. The top-level management is made up of committed executive personnel that exercises and instills experience and knowledge skills to the employees. It should be understood that this form of leadership strategy continues to promote the flourishing of such attributes as trust and respect amongst employees (Nike Inc 2013).WeaknessesThe company's mission statement: to be the worl d's leading sports and fitness Company  is more of a vision statement. This is a weakness for the company in the sense that it omits to publicize and thus, market the different products being offered by the company. It also fails to mention the company's capacity to distributing products to the customers across all the global markets (Nike Inc 2013).The motivation levels for Nike employees have continued to fall below the recommended figures hence posing as a weakness to the future operations of the company's activities. It should be noted that the cost-reductions strategies that was conducted that resulted to the reduction of employees triggered elements of low morale amongst the retained employees. Subsequently, their morale fell because of negative media publicities resulting from the substandard working conditions in Asia based factories (Nike Inc 2013).Nike Inc continues to suffer from extensive violation of labor polices in respect to human capital. While a company's human capital determines its capacity to grow and establish regionally, Nike Inc's oversees factories continue to experience negative publicity due to its flexibility to adopting global labor relation policies (Nike Inc 2013). While the company has continued to invest in policies and strategies that will foster the development of positive publicity, the challenging task arises in the course of implementing the proposed rectification strategies like increasing the minimum age for workers to 18 and increasing education programs throughout the entire market base.The company's present strategy that involves establishing new facilities across the globe has not been conducted without challenges. These challenges have arisen from the negative publicity it has continued to experience due to the non-conformance to the United States labor laws and company's expansion strategic requirement (Nike Inc 2013). Despite the company's improved participation in awareness programs that are meant to counter t he bad publicity, it has suffered poor sales volume hence lower profits over a long period. This poor non-conformance to US laws has led it to suffer great hitches in respect to close competition like Reebok.External Environment Analysis: OpportunitiesThe company's athletic footwear and apparel designs are likely going to benefit from the current stabilization of the middle-level economy. This is expected to increase the number of potential willing buyers that will foster higher sales and profits in that matter.Nowadays, a great number of people have adopted exercising activities and thus, apparel forms part of their respective wardrobes. This trend is set to increase demand for sports footwear products (Nike Inc 2013).The recent cut in the company's employee structure has facilitated its operations and also profits since the deigned are manufactured at low production costs thus availed to potential customers at affordable prices. This has facilitated increase in sales volume over the years.The adoption of E-trading through the internet and company's...

The Rights Of Violent Media - 1299 Words

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that Susan Hurley’s idea of changing the protection that violent media receives in light of the first amendment is not justifiable. It begins with a general outline of Hurley’s claim on violent entertainment. It will then focus more closely on the reasons why it is unjustifiable to limit this form of entertainment by showing the importance of free speech in a free society. Lastly, it will question the â€Å"empirical data† that Hurley uses to defend her claim. Hurley claims that violent entertainment causes violent behavior that harms third parties and should therefore involve stricter exposure regulations. This claim tackles the controversial question of how much authority are citizens giving to their†¦show more content†¦Hurley’s point on imitation is to showcase the power that mere exposure can have on a person. Secondly, Hurley addresses the empirical data that supports her above claim. She believes that academics have efficiently addressed any questions regarding causation verse correlation. She states with a confident tone the direct causation of exposure to violent images and violent behaviors. According to her gathered research, â€Å"over 1000 studies point overwhelmingly to a casual causation between media violence and aggressive behaviors in some children† (pg. 177). She combines that with the tendency of humans to imitate to furthermore back up her claim, â€Å"human beings have a distinctly strong tendency to full-fledged imitation of intentional behavior, including novel means as well as novel goals† (pg.183). Her point was to demonstrate the raw evidence that supports her claim. Finally, she talks about the freedom of speech with regards to the evidence stated. According to political philosopher John Stuart Mill, it is the government’s obligation to protect its citizens from preventable harm. Hurley explains, â€Å"prevention of such harm to third parties provides a strong reason (or â€Å"compelling interest†) for liberal government to interfere with violent entertainment† (pg. 189). Hurley suggests re-evaluating the current value that society gives

Toni Cade Bambara’s Black Female Champions Essay - 1998 Words

Toni Cade Bambara’s Black Female Champions It is well known from historical accounts, novels, poems, movies, and other sources that blacks have been abused, neglected, and mistreated in American society. In addition, a great deal has been written about the lives, hardships, and obstacles of black men. Black women, however, have long been relegated to subordinate societal roles in relation to white men and women and black men. Black women have been viewed as monsters and suffered distortions of their image. Toni Cade Bambara, in her writings, has helped to change the image of black women. Bambara presents a very descriptive picture of what life was like for blacks, particularly women, in the North and in the South. The world, in†¦show more content†¦Charlie’s bed (83). The following statistics illustrate Ms. Lincoln’s point. According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996, in 1983, 512,000 individuals were employed as cleaners and servants. Of that total, 95.8% were female. Black females comprised 42.4% of the total of all females working in those occupations (407). In the category of maids and housemen, in 1983, 531,000 individuals provided these services. Females made up 83.1% of the total. Black females comprised 32.3% of the total of all females working as maids (407). Toni Cade Bambara was very aware of the black environment and of black female experiences. In the foreword to the book Black Women Writers at Work, Tillie Olsen states that black women writers, such as Toni Cade Bambara, make us profoundly conscious of what harms, degrades, denies development, destroys; of how much is unrealized, unlived; instead of ‘oppressed victims,’ they tell of the ways of resistances, resiliences (x-xi). Bambara was born in New York City, raised by her mother, and educated at Queens College. She was a teacher, lecturer, and political activist (Bambara, Toni Cade). In an interview with Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Bambara talked about her life, her family, and the issues of the black race, women, and her writings (230-49). Bambara stated in the interview that she was not raised to

Gender Discrimination in Womens Sports - 682 Words

Gender discrimination in sports has been an issue since competition began long ago. Back then, people believed only men should play sports, women might hurt themselves, women should wear respectable clothes, and women should stay home and take care of the children (â€Å"Women†). However, this inequity became outdated in the 1970s when Title IX was passed. â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (â€Å"A†). Still, more needs to be done for equality in men and women’s sports. Any sports fan will admit that he or she watches more men’s sports than women’s. When asked why, one may answer that men are stronger, faster, and more athletic or the game is more entertaining when men are participating instead of women. Also, men are more interested in sports than women. Therefore, a man is more likely to watch men perform than women. A man’s body is stronger than a woman’s body because of testosterone. According to Dr. Mark Tarnopolsky, Testosterone enables men to develop larger skeletal muscles as well as larger hearts. Men also have a larger proportion of Type 2 muscle fibers, which generate power, strength and speed. Testosterone also increases the production of red blood cells, which absorb oxygen, giving men an even greater aerobic advantage (qtd. in Lee). Obviously, men have the bodyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Gender And Discrimination Sports Soccer 1580 Words   |  7 PagesRute Tilahun Professor Selina Hammond English 101- Composition 12, November 2015 Gender and Discrimination in Sports: Soccer How many fans do you see supporting women’s Soccer teams? Why are women receiving less acknowledgements for their success towards sports than men? Do you know any girl who is interested in playing soccer and is not on the team just because she is a girl? Well I do. Such an incidence happened in one of my best friend’s lives. It took place at my high school backRead MoreWomen s Sexual Discrimination At Academic Institutes1503 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance†. The law also prohibits retaliation against an individual who, in good faith, asserts his or her rights under Title IX or other applicable federal laws and state laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. CongressRead Mor eGender Inequality Within Sports And Sports1197 Words   |  5 Pagesare now, but with gender inequality in sports their hard work will go to waste. Gender inequality is unlawful because of Title IX, a law that was passed in 1972, that banned gender discrimination in sports (Buzuvis and Newhall). Even though it is against the law, many colleges and sports associations still give unfair benefits to men’s sports, such as more opportunities, better fields, higher salaries, etc, and are not getting punished for it. There were many cases when the women’s team made many timesRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Sports1541 Words   |  7 Pagesforce or even in sports. Title IX, an act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972, said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discriminate to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex (Senne 1). This act was a step towards improving female participation and lessening discrimination, but the stereotypes that most of society believes in still exist. 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It is th e federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexRead MoreWomen Discrimination In Sports1572 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination in Women Sports Women have always been the minority in today’s world whether that’s in the work force or even in sports. Title IX a act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972 that said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discrimination to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex. (Senne 1) This act was a step towards more female participation and less discrimination, but those stereotypes most of society believes in stillRead MoreTitle Ix And Female Athletes Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesguaranteeing girls and women access to equal sports opportunites as boys and men. Title IX in athletics is a very controversial issue that has opened up the world of athletics for millions of women all across the United States. Although it is a win for women athletes, it has created an issue for male athletic programs sufforing from the effects of Title IX. This literary review shows the phenomenon of Title IX and how it affects partici pation in female sports. It shows the contriversy of Title IX openingRead MoreGender Inequality : Women And Women1242 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality There are hundreds and thousands of athletes all around the world but the main problem in the athlete world is gender inequality, women are not shown equal as men. They are discriminated in many ways such as pay, employment opportunities, value of women s sport, media coverage etc. Despite the federal law passed called Title IX that â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination

The Case of The Regents of the University of California v....

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case in 1978 explored the issue surrounding a young white man’s rejection from UC Davis’ Medical School when students with lower grades than him were accepted through a minority benefits program. The young man, Allan Bakke, was rejected in two successive years before filing suit in the Superior Court of Yolo County, arguing that he had to be accepted to the school since those with grades lower than him had been accepted through the benefits program. The school claimed that the goal of their minority benefits program was to further diversify their campus. The program was intended for minority or disadvantaged students, but soon became entirely racially based, which was evident, since no white students were ever accepted into the program, regardless of any disadvantaged background they may have had. The school had lower expectations for the applicants in the benefits program, so some of the students accepted throug h that program were less qualified to attend the school than some of those who were rejected through the regular applicant process. Bakke was one of those rejected applicants, and felt that his rejection was unconstitutional according to both the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The school argued that they were encouraging diversity and understanding with the benefits program, but the Superior Court of Yolo County ultimately decided that theShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Affirmative Action Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of the Supreme Court Cases Regarding Affirmative Action The history of majority rights in the United States goes all the way back to the creation of the United States constitution. 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Unit outcome Free Essays

The purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance are exceed any limitations and achieve personal goals and those set by team Leaders and management. 1. 2 It is good to hear other people’s opinion on your work, in order to see you are doing it right and for help. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit outcome or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, others can make suggestions on different ways to do things so you can try and test and if the suggestions don’t work you can always go back to how you use to complete the process. Encouraging feedback also shows illnesses to improve performance. . 3 Learning and development can improve your own work as it brings new skills to light and should give the employee a better understanding of the Job they are doing. Through learning new skills, an employee could realize that they are now able to do a job they previously felt under-qualified for, and also giving you more career options. It could also mean that they could have promotion or salary raise. It can benefit work as well the employee is better qualified and should have a better understanding of their Job role. 1. The career development in my current role would to become a Claims Handler and pursue up the levels to Claims Specialist. With the experience from being a claims administrator in Direct Group I will have learnt the basics of the claims process and have an understanding of the company systems. 1. 5 The possible development opportunities that will arise from my current position could be to further my academic knowledge of the Business Administration role by applying to complete Level 3 in Business Administration. Or, to apply for a claims handling role and apply to complete and NV in customer service. How to cite Unit outcome, Papers

Pride And Prejudice Themes Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice Themes Essay Pride and Prejudice Any man who tries to argue Jane Austens ability to draw characters would be undoubtedly a fool, for the authors talent in that area of prose is hard to match.However even the most ardent fans of Austen will have to agree with the fact that the personages she creates are not appealing to every man.An exception to that trend in this readers opinion would be the character of Mr. Bennet, who by his sharp wit and stark realism alone redeems Pride and Prejudice for any audience who under other circumstances would take no joy in reading any novel by Austen, this one included.In many ways Mr. Bennet stands as a literary monument to the writers amazing storytelling ability.While his personality sticks out among others in the novel like a sore thumb, his place in the plot has monumental importance not only to the task of saving an unappreciative reader from boredom but also to the movement and the development of the work as a whole. One of his most meaningful contributions to the plot is the influence he exerts on Elizabeth.She is obviously his favorite, and probably the only one in his family that he feels real fatherly love for.This is seen from the fact that even though he is often very reserved and distant, the one time he shows emotion it is directed towards her.The act takes place towards the end of the novel, after Darcy announces to him his intention of marriage.The reader first notices that he is not his usual self when Lizzy walks into the library.He is not cool and composed as in other times he is present, but instead is walking around the room, looking grave and anxious. (Austen, 334)As he starts to speak it becomes clear just how much Darcys announcement affected Mr. Bennet.My child, let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life (Austen, 335) he exclaims, not only admitting the mistake of his marriage but also showing enough love to admit that he doesnt want the same fate to befall Elizabeth.This is very important, as a man who is as cynical as Mr. Bennet would not usually own up to any folly this directly and easily, and although he makes several blunders in the course of the plot this is one of only two he acknowledges.Such a self-infraction of his character could only be explained by the fact that he cares for Elizabeth more than he ever shows, more even than the reader ever realizes. Taking into consideration Elizabeths perceptive nature the reader is made to understand the true depth of the relationship between her and her father.It would be impossible for her to grow up without noticing the affection that he felt, and not to benefit from it.Because she is the only child he really cares for, she truly becomes her fathers daughter smart, witty and realistic.Even as she develops as a person during the progress of the events, the qualities Elizabeth obviously inherited from Mr. Bennet allow her for a better perception of what is really going on inside her.It is true that she dares to do something her father doesnt, which is to put the same method of analysis that she uses on other people to herself, but without that skill of interpretation she would not be able to grow and that skill was acquired from none other than her Mr. Bennet.She is, in other words, a direct derivation of her parental genes the next improved and more modern step up in the evolution of chara cter and abilities exemplified by her father. As mentioned above, Mr. Bennet admits to two mistakes in the course of the novel.The first one he avows to is his marriage.The second, of course, is his failure in fatherly duties to which he confesses in Chapter VI of Volume III.This instance is different from the other, simply because he really does not loose his composure as he discusses the subject with Elizabeth.The way he chastises Kitty is vintage Mr. Bennet, full of sarcasm and hyperbole to the extent that makes his youngest daughter cry.It is obvious to the reader that he is not really going to prohibit all balls or not allow her to leave the house, and yet at the same time there is a feeling that he really has learned his lesson.He realizes that there is still time to change Kitty for the better, and though his methods might not be as severe as he threatens, his fifth daughter will still benefit from them. Although all throughout this scene Mr. Bennet shows very few chinks in h is armor, his admission is very profound.Not only does he display the guilt he feels for being an irresponsible and distant father but also assumes a part of the blame for the way his family has become.This is the most evident display of this characters importance to the plot by far.All through the novel the Bennet family is in an unfavorable way, the mother and the three insensible daughters making continuous fools of themselves.This behavior is generally blamed on the mother being a poor example.. for her offspring, but with Mr. Bennets acknowledgment of poor fathering the condition takes on a new light.Perhaps if he has shown more love and more guidance to his three youngest children they would not be so infected with their mothers character traits and act more amiably like their older sisters.Perhaps had he have been more caring he would have taken Elizabeths advice and prohibited Lydias going to Brighton, thereby destroying the whole eloping scheme at the root. Truly, had he be en a better father most of the unfortunate predicaments faced by his family could have been prevented, an inference which reveals the true depth of his importance in Pride and Prejudice.Put quite simply, without a character of Mr. Bennet the irresponsible father, Austen would have no plot. .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .postImageUrl , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:hover , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:visited , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:active { border:0!important; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:active , .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7aefbbf26ab1c49302cd6e9e6493785c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: hate crimes EssayVital to the plot, Mr. Bennet is also crucial to the readers perception of the world that Austen is describing.Most members of this society are greedy and mercenary, and those who are not are so entangled in their own passions that they almost never see the absurdity of the world around them.Mr. Bennet is different however.While being realistic, he also takes great pleasure of observing the sad silliness of the world around him, and poking fun at it on many occasions.For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbors, and laugh at them in our turn. (Austen, 75) is an expression that could be his lifes motto, as he spends most of his time in his libra ry reading and reflecting on the failures of the realm he lives in.In those rear moments that the audience is allowed to see through Mr. Bennets eyes the reader begins to comprehend how truly unbearable and disgusting the society around him is to man like himself a strong, intelligent, independent man.One almost begins to wonder if he would not react similarly had he been placed in a similar situation as Mr. Bennet, and in some ways to understand the reason for his failings as a father. While if judged purely by his actions the character may be seen as somewhat of a submissive coward, his words show him to be a man of great ability placed in a losing position.Austen has a purpose behind this set up, which goes hand in hand with this characters importance as discussed earlier.The purpose is such that in order for Elizabeth to possess the personality that she has in the novel there had to be an influence on her thats counteractive to the society in which she is raised.This influence had to come from someone who is sufficiently close to her to make a difference, and at the same time old enough to have experience to draw on.The person also had to be positive and strong and at the same time flawed enough as to not be domineering.All these requirements are fulfilled in Mr. Bennet hes an intelligent man, disillusioned with the world he lives in and his marriage and driven into retreat by the sheer absurdity of the same. Thus Austen allows Elizabeth to be sufficiently affe cted by him and yet have room to develop and grow as a person on her own accord.This of course is crucial to the plot, as Elizabeth would not have been able to fall in love with Darcy had it not been for her change as a person. Though Mr. Bennet is a character who possesses many faults by design of the author, he is also likable by that same design.While he is often very mean to his wife in his direct making fun of her, the reader feels no pity for Mrs. Bennet because she is so fickle and shallow.Instead of feeling sorry, the reader almost feels glad that her constant stream of meaningless and some times embarrassing phrases is checked by her husbands witty remarks and one liners.A similar situation is created with Mr. Collins, whom Mr. Bennet is unashamedly amused by during his first call to Longbourn despite the seriousness that the visit carries.Mr. Bennet is glad that his cousin was as absurd as he hoped (Austen, 60), and the audience delights with him through that whole scene as he cleverly sets up Collins to make a complete fool out of himself.It is a cruel endeavor, and yet still the reader stays on Mr. Bennets side readily partaking in his little sin. These little details and plot points are what make Mr. Bennet appealing to not only Austen fans but to any reader of Pride and Prejudice.While having an immense weight in the plot he also has a large part in the character structure of the novel, a part that is equally if not more important.He has the role that in the old fairy tales would be the role of a wise jester, a comic relief with kernels of truth hidden between the lines of jokes.Without him those who do not appreciate the authors prose and plot are in danger of boredom as well as missing or misinterpreting some major themes of the book.Mr. Bennet enriches this literary work like no other character, and in this readers humble opinion Pride and Prejudice would lose most of its entertainment value without him.

Smart Houses1 Essay Example For Students

Smart Houses1 Essay The world of computer technology is continuously advancing each and every day. We look back at what we had 5 years ago and are amazed to see how far we have come in such a short time. To know what to expect in the upcoming years is impossible, for technology is at such a constant increase. Computer technology is a wonderful tool and can benefit many people if you are willing to accept it. One of the advancements on the rise is Smart Houses. A Smart House is a house that is controlled by computers with artificial intelligence. Many people are choosing to turn their houses into smart ones in order to create a safer and more technological environment. Throughout my report, I will discuss some features that I would include in my own smart house, such as safety and convenience. I think the most common reason that my house will be a smart house is for safety purposes. Not only does it give a peace of mind to know that my house is protected at all times, but it gives protection in times of danger. Brinks Home Security provides several packages which you can accustom to your price range and allows you to pick the package which is right for your home.The standardized system is controlled by a digital keypad, which allows you to type in a 3-digit number that enables the system. It also features three panic buttons that directly contact the police department, the fire department, and the hospital in one quick touch of a button. This package comes with 2 door and window sensors that set the alarm off if they are opened while the system is armed. It also comes with a motion detector that detects heat and body movements. If any of these features are triggered, a siren will sound which makes your family and the intruder aware that the Brinks monitoring center are bei ng notified. Some extra features are a glass break protector, smoke heat detectors, and carbon monoxide detectors. The system also provides a keyless keyfob that allows you to enable or disable the system with a touch of a quick button.As you can see, the Brinks Home Security provides a thorough package of home safety features. Not only is it reliable, but also gives a secure way to keep your house safely protected. Other systems, such as the FireCracker Kit from X10.com , provide you with an affordable and easy system. It allows you to control all the systems in your house based from your computer. You can make your coffeepot start brewing or your turning off your lamp simply by the click of a mouse. Control all the lights in your house with your PC or with a remote. One touch of a button and your lights will be on, your heater turned up, and your bath tub already starting to get filled. How much better can it get?I would also have a Robo-dog in my Smart House. This is a robotic dog, which features a motion sensor that puts the dog into a barking frenzy when it is set off. This not only scares the intruder, but it also notifies me that there is something wrong. The Robo-dog provides the benefits of a good guard dog without the inconvenience of attending to a pet. It would be placed near the door so if an intruder breaks in, then my guard dog will stop him in his tracks. There are many simple an d affordable ways to keep your house, and mine, secure. Another common reason for a Smart House is convenience. Imagine being able to control the temperature of your house or turning on your lights with one simple phone call. X10 provides just that .The touch-tone controller activates lights, reboots PCs and sets air for heating or air conditioning with a quick touch of a button. I can access this via any touch-tone phone or from the manual control keypad placed in my house. This gives the convenience of coming home to a warm, well-light house without having to go through the hassle of putting wood in the wood-stove or waiting for the heater to heat up the house. A number of software programs are available that are needed to run a smart house. One of the programs suggested by the Home Automation Forum is the HomeSeer . This is a software program that allows you to run all of your computer-automated systemssuch as the touch-tone keypad. It has speech recognition and synthesis that allows you to control your programs simply by the sound of your voice. You simply need to program words into the system, such as bathroom light on and as soon as it recognizes your words, it turns the bathroom light on. It also allows variations, so if you said bathroom on it would also perform the same task. It also has an email alert program. If something is irregular in your house, it will notify you via email as soon as it notices the problem. This will give you the security in knowing your house is protected and watched at all times. The inventor of HomeSeer, Rich Helmke, is currently working on a new program that is a tapi phone interface. This will give you all the control you want, as described by the Home Automation Forum. A variety of free downloads of HomeSeer for trial offers are available at http://keware.com/download.htm#hscm11. .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .postImageUrl , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:visited , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:active { border:0!important; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:active , .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8802131bb5066d684436a32a5b156f6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Majority of Ghanaians EssayAs you can see, the possibilities for a Smart Houses are endless. Home automation is on a rise and soon we will no longer have to worry about those tedious tasks that are so time consuming in our daily lives. Cooking cleaning wont even be a concern anymore, for your smart house will provide you with the living environment you desire. Consider making your house a smart house and provide your family with the security and convenience that they deserve. Bibliography:

Survey of Economics Essays - Economy, Business, Monopoly

Survey of Economics Professor Thomas Andrew Lett Salem International University October 22nd, 2017 Barriers to entry into an industry or business are economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, switching costs and government policies. Some other barriers include cost disadvantages and access to distribution channels. Start up business may look to enter business with high barriers which will be hard to overcome. Economies of scale are decreasing unit costs of a product. This will force an entrant to either come in at a large or small scale. Entering at large scale would be risky as incumbents would have major reactions to it causing the entry to be a failure. Small scale entry may result in small scale disadvantages in cost. Product differentiation is where companies have established brand loyalties which in result forces entrants to have to spend mass amounts to overcome the issue. Marketing resources will be needed as the small start-up will need them to establish effective positioning.Capital requirements are required for infrastructure, machinery, RD, and advertising. Startups can get around these financial resources by outsourcing to companies. Government policies are a major barrier as they force you to obey them. If not, fines and loss of business will be the result. Regulations are ever changing and many things require special licenses to obtain equipment or sell certain products. This makes it very hard for startups to succeed. Reference(s): Barriers to entry: factors preventing startups entry to a market. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/barriers-to-entry-factors-preventing-startups-from-entering-a-market/

To Open a Pandoras Box

To Open a Pandoras Box To Open a Pandoras Box To Open a Pandoras Box By Maeve Maddox Ive found an expression that annoys me more than deja vu all over again. Its a box of Pandoras. Denmark has tumbled into a box of Pandoras. Meryl may regret having opened this whole box of Pandoras (language site, discussion of the difference between can and may) My, I do seem to have opened a can of worms (or a box of Pandoras) here. (the topic is the music of Chopin.) In many places the expression is attributed to former governor of New Mexico Bruce King: His [Kings] most famous malapropism, frequently repeated by legislators during floor debates, was the time King said that a legislative proposal would open a whole box of Pandoras. (Santa Fe-New Mexican, Nov. 14, 2009) Ive also seen it attributed to Casey Stengel, Al Gore, former Arkansas Governor Frank White, and former Washington D.C. mayor Marion Barry. Ideas about nature are famously malleable. Try to take just a peek, and Shazamm!you have opened what Casey Stengal [sic] once called A Box of Pandoras. (excerpt at Amazon from a published book about Nature) We dont want to open up a box of Pandoras. Vice-President Albert Gore, Jr. (comment at a site called TruckNet) â€Å"We dont want to open a box of Pandoras.† That was said by Marion Barry, the former mayor of Washington, D.C. He was referring to the Greek Pandoras’ Box. (a blog called Dahn Batchelors opinions) As former Gov. Frank White of Arkansas once put it, the president thus opened a whole box of Pandoras. (article by Frank Perly at WashingtonTimes.com, May 18, 2010) The expression to open a Pandoras box has long been used to describe an act that may have unforeseen and unpleasant consequences. It derives from a Greek myth in which the woman Pandora, driven by curiosity, opens a jar (or a box) containing various human evils, unintentionally loosing them on the world. The distortion to open a box of Pandoras may owe its galloping popularity to its similarity to opening a can of worms. As a figurative expression, opening a box of Pandoras may have sounded amusing the first time it was used, but as an ongoing expression it gets old fast. NOTE: the word Pandora on its own enjoys a huge popularity as a product name and in other contexts. Someone opening a delivery of electronic gadgets might have reason to declare that he was opening a box of Pandoras. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsUse a Dash for Number Ranges5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Negotiations in the Euro Crises (main negotiations and decisions from Research Paper

Negotiations in the Euro Crises (main negotiations and decisions from the beginning until today) - Research Paper Example Countries such as Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain popularly known as the PIGS enjoyed cheap credit in the international capital markets. Moreover, the EU supported these countries by offering structural funds. Additionally, the countries borrowed heavily from the international capital markets. Although investments increased in the PIGS, there was eventual increase in housing prices. Additionally, the economies became less competitive. Consequently, the countries experienced financial crisis resulting from excessive debts. This essay focuses on the negotiations in the Euro Crises and the decisions made from the beginning of the crisis until today. The 2007 financial crisis, which affected other regions of the world, resulted in collapse of the global financial markets. In 2009, the crisis intensified with the worsening of the Greece debt situation. The crisis spread to involve political as well as economic crisis in the entire Eurozone. This has threatened the permanence of the E uropean Union. The challenges facing the Eurozone include increased credits and public deficits in some of the Eurozone countries, the destabilized European banking system, economic downturn, and persistent imbalances in the trading systems in the Eurozone. Additionally, the employment declined gradually in most countries in the Eurozone, especially the PIGS. ... Following this crisis, several meetings, and discussions were held amongst politician, scholars, and businesspersons across the world and especially in the Eurozone. The discussion and meetings aimed at analyzing the crisis and ways to resolve it and prevent such occurrence in the future. The crisis started with deterioration of financial systems in some of the nation in the Euro zone. This resulted in bailouts for countries such as Greece, which was the first nation to receive aid from International Monetary fund and the European Union. This was followed by bailouts for other countries such as Ireland. Moreover, more countries especially the weaker economies in Eurozone have continued to demand for bailout. However, some countries such as Greece and Ireland are facing challenges related to European economic as well as the monetary union (Cooper Web; Bastasin 20-25). One of the major causes of the extension of the crisis is the lack of interest by most EU members on the decision-maki ng processes. Moreover, most economies made decisions based on assumption. Some assumed that the Greek bonds were similar to German bonds in terms of riskiness. The assumption was grounded on the fact that Greek and Germany have similar currency. The assumptions affected the participants in the bond market who failed to understand the difference in competitiveness and internal politic of the different Euro zone countries and effect of such factors on the economy. However, this has changed and negotiation within the Eurozone has resulted in establishment of different interest rate charges for the different countries in the Euro Zone (Nelson, Belkin and Mix 1-5). In June,

Microsoft Company Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Microsoft Company Analysis - Assignment Example The Company also designs and sells hardware, and delivers online advertising to the customers. The Company operates in five segments: Windows & Windows Live Division (Windows Division), Server and Tools, Online Services Division (OSD), Microsoft Business Division (MBD), and Entertainment and Devices Division (EDD). The Company’s products include operating systems for personal computers (PCs), servers, phones, and other intelligent devices; server applications for distributed computing environments; productivity applications; business solution applications; desktop and server management tools; software development tools; video games, and online advertising. It also designs and sells hardware, including the Xbox 360 gaming and entertainment console, Kinect for Xbox 360, Xbox 360 accessories, and Microsoft PC hardware products. In July 2012, the Company purchased Edgewater Fullscopes Process Industries 2 (PI2) software and intellectual property. In July 2012, Comcast Corp. acquir ed the Companys 50% stake in MSNBC.com. In October 2012, it acquired PhoneFactor Inc. On July 18, 2012, it acquired Yammer, Inc. (Reuters). Another key acquisition made in 2011 is Skype, Ciao, and Videosurf. On the other hand, apart from these, the company is also very active in the emerging cloud computing business, with cloud-based software and services being the core components of the cloud solution. Usage payments together with advertising are the key sources of revenues for its cloud business. These cloud offerings include Bing, Xbox Live, Windows Live, Microsoft Office 365, Microsoft Dynamics CRM, and Azure. These services are offered either individually or as part of solution suites. In all the company is present in more than 100 countries and basically has a planet-wide business, in concert with its key competitors.  

Small And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management Essay

Small And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management Essay In the modern world economy, business transactions can be conducted within the same city, the same country, or even between two countries. The term of internationalization has been adopted by many researchers, for instance Bell (1995): A firms engagement in a specific foreign market develops according to an establishment chain, i.e. at the start no export activities are performed in the market, then export takes place via independent representatives, later through a sales subsidiary, and, eventually manufacturing may follow. Internationalization has become a significant research topic for business academics in the past forty years. A substantial amount of research has focused on multinational enterprises (Dunning, 1973; Markusen, 1995; Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a growing interest in the internationalization of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). Meanwhile small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs) have been believed to be significant in supporting economics improvement within a country (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For example, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-sector companies, contribute 31.6% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and employ 55% of the total workforce (EIM Business Policy Research, 1999). Furthermore, obtaining sales outside their own domestic market is a goal of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their governments (Economic Development Board, 1993). This thesis will be concentrated on the process of internationalization of SMEs, and especially the barriers of internationalization and motivations for export activities. In fact, SMEs are able to develop abroad since nowadays countries all around the world have become almost indistinguishable in terms of cultures and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). 1.2 Problem statement According to problem indication, this there for leads to the following problem statement; What are the barriers and motivations of internationalization with regard to small and medium sized enterprises? 1.3 Research Questions The following questions will be posed in order to draw conclusions with respect to the problem statement: What are the characteristics of small and medium enterprises? How do the enterprises internationalize? What are the challenges and drivers of internationalization? 1.4 Research Method and Data Collection 1.4.1 Research Method This thesis will use a literature study as the method of research. To be able to answer the research questions, the research method that shall be used is the literature study. To develop a theoretical framework, exploratory studies are used in this research. It is the most ideal type of research for obtaining a clear understanding of the phenomena of interest (Sekarana, 2003). 1.4.2 Data Colletion Most of the resources used are secondary data which is data that have already been gathered by other researchers in the past (Sekarana, 2010). So far the author has found several journals and articles discussing internationalization of small and medium enterprises as the main source of this thesis. Firstly, literature based on drivers and motivations of internationalization of small and medium enterprises were sought using several search engines such as Google Scholar, and also database such as JSTOR. The following keywords were used: Internationalization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These keywords were used separately and in combinations with each other. Secondly, more literature, articles and statistical data were found from the internet. Google is used as the search engine. Finally, to determine the quality of the literature, it is important to look at the number of citations from other high quality journal included in this literature. Another way to determine if literature is trustworthy is by looking at the references. 1.5 Structure of the Thesis In the remaining chapters the structure will be as follows: Chapter 2 shall review and analyze some of the definitions of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, referring research question Q1. Chapter 3 will examine the theories and the process of internationalization. In chapter 4, I will investigate the opportunities and barriers to internationalization. In the final chapter, conclusions will be drawn and the problem statement will be answered. 2. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 2.1. Definition of SMEs There is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm (Storey, 1994). However, some definitions are very depending on criteria such as number of employees and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) attempted to overcome the problem of small firm definition by formulating what it called an economic definition and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it satisfied the following three criteria: they had a relatively small share of their market place; they were managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure; they were independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The Committee also formulated a statistical definition which was designed to address three main issues. The first was to quantify the size for the small-firm sector and its contribution to economic aggregates such as gross domestic product (GDP), employment, exports and innovation. The second purpose was to compare the extent to which the small enterprise sectors economic contribution has changed over time. Thirdly, applying the statistical definition, this allows a comparison to be made among the contributions of small firms in one country with that of other nations. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on how to define SME (Gibb, 1993; Curran and Blackburn, 2001) as each country defines SME differently. For example, in the US and Canada, SMEs are generally defined as firms with fewer than 500 employees. In Japan, different headcount ceilings are used for manufacturing (up to 300 employees), wholesale (up to 150) and retail (up to 50). In this thesis we use the classification given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). According to the European Union (2003), an SME is an enterprise with fewer than 250 employees and a turnover no more than 50 million Euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million Euros. Small enterprises employ less than 50 and micro enterprises less than 10 employees. 2.2. Characteristics of SMEs SMEs are always one of the remarkable subjects for the researchers. It may be distinguished from larger firms by a number of key characteristics. Researchers have drawn some characteristic for the SMEs. Characteristics often discussed as typical of SMEs are as followed: Limited resources (Welsh and White, 1981). A small and medium enterprise generally has limited resources, which means they did not have money to purchase the required machinery and to hire many workers. This is extremely true for new starts-up due to an absence or lack of track record on the firm to entice potential investors and bankers. Hence, it is highly dependent on the capability of the owner to generate resources. Informal management style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For small and medium enterprises, the management is usually informal. The owner has to do almost everything and employees are normally expected to be able to duty as generalists as there is no clear division of tasks. Flexibility (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The enterprise has more flexibility to adapt to changes in the environment due to its size and informal structure. It is also vulnerable to grow in the enterprise environment. For example, any changes in government policy or technology might have a strong influence on the firms since instant changes require additional resources or capital. This might become a constraint to the firms to compete and sustain  itself in the market. Dependence on individual decision makers (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The firms are managed and operated by the owner. The entrepreneurs of the business lead the company and play a role as both employee and employer. The growth of the firms is determined by the owner. Decision making is commonly done by the owner. 3. INTERNATIONALIZATION Different approaches and perspectives have been contributed to the literature firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been researched over three decades (Etermad, 2004). For instance, a gradual perspective of SME internationalization is explained in the Uppsala Model, and the Finnish-POM Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other perspective is that SME internationalization is explained by an economic view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is described by a network approach (Kenny and Fahy, 2004; Majkgard and Sharma, 1998; Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is described as the International New Venture perspective (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994; Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). All these models are briefly discussed below. Of the gradual approaches, the Uppsala Model initiated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is widely used to describe pattern of small firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the distinction between state and change aspect of internationalization variables. They argue that the present state of the firm is the important factor in explaining future changes and subsequent stages. The state aspects are represented by the firms market commitment to the foreign market and the market knowledge about foreign market and operations. The change aspect is seen as commitment decision and the performance of current business activities. The concept of market commitment is assumed to be composed of two factors: Firstly, the amount of resources committed, for example, the size of investment in the market (marketing, personnel, organization etc.); Secondly, the degree of commitment, for instance, the difficulty of finding an alternative use for the resources and transforming them to practice. Market knowledge is seen as information about markets and operations which is somehow stored reasonable retrieval in the minds of individuals inside the firm, in computer memories or in written reports. International activities require both general knowledge about market operations and market specific knowledge. Current business activities are the prime source of experimental knowledge for the firm. It could be argued that experience could be gained alternatively through the hiring of the personnel with experience or through advice from persons with experience. Commitment decisions depend very much on experience since they are a response to perceived uncertainty and opportunities on the market. Decisions to commit further resources to specific foreign operations will more often be taken if experimental knowledge increases. This implies that additional market commitment as a rule will be made in small incremental steps because its takes time to gain experimental knowledge about foreign markets. The Uppsala model concentrates on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign market. According to this model, lack of knowledge is an important obstacle in the development of international operations and such knowledge can be acquired mainly through operations abroad. The gradual acquisition of knowledge increase foreign commitments. The second gradual model distinguishes three dimensions of internationalization (Luostarinen, 1979). First is Product (P), which describes what in terms of the firms goods, services, know-how and systems. Second is the Operation mode (O) which relates to how firms operate such as through agents, subsidiaries, licensing and management contracts. Third is Market (M), which describes where in relation to the selection of markets and takes into account political, cultural and physical differences. The organizational capacity dimension was a later addition to describe organizational structure, resources, finance and personnel (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988). Nonetheless, neither gradual model addresses the issues of networking. The networking view concentrates on non-hierarchical systems where enterprises invest to support and monitor their role in international networks. Referred to as the network perspective, this research draws on the theories of social exchange and resource dependence, and emphases on firm performance in the context of a network of interorganisational and interpersonal relationships (Axelsson and Easton 1992). Such relationships can include customers, competitors, suppliers, private and public support agencies, and friends, family and so on. Organizational boundaries therefore incorporate both business and social relationships. The theory suggests three methods of internationalization: International extension, explains how a company initially establishes connections with networks in other countries; Penetration, the firms develops the relationships that arise from those networks, which is described as the penetration method; International integration, the time when the company integrates the networks in different countries. Based to this research, internationalization determined by on an organizations set of network relationships rather than a firm-specific advantage. Therefore, externalization (rather than internalization) occurs. The network approach offers a complementary perspective to FDI theory given the latter does not account for the role and impact of social relationships in business transactions (Granvetter 1985). Also, internationalization decisions and activities in the network approach appear as patterns of behavior influenced by various network members, while FDI theory assumes coherent strategic decision-making. The network perspective introduces a more multilateral element to internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne 1992, p.12). Interestingly, this perspective has evolved from Johanson and Vahlnes early work, and reflects their ongoing research exploring the management of foreign market entry. For example, their (1992) study of internationalization in the situation of exchange networks found that even if foreign market entry is the gradual process (supporting the Uppsala model), it follow from interaction, and the development and maintenance of relationships over time. These findings support Sharma and Johanson (1987), who found that technical consulting firms operate in a network of connected relationships between organizations, where relationships become bridges to foreign markets and offer firms with the prospect and incentive to internationalize. The International New Venture theory emerged in the mid-nineties in response to the recognition that many firms do not go along with the gradual models in their internationalization process (Etemad, 2004a; Kenny et al., 2004). These firms are called Born Global (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996; Rennie, 1993), whilst Oviatt et al., (1994) identify them as Global Start-ups or International New Ventures (INV) firms. This model focuses on the age and not on the size of the firms and suggests that the INVs retain unique assets and capabilities that enable firms with limited resources to venture faster into foreign markets. Furthermore, Coviello and McAuley (1999) argue the internationalization happens gradually. With his extensive study of internationalization, Gripsurd (1990) points out that there is a three-stage model describing how an organization develops its international business study. First, the organization starts as a potential exporter, where they do not yet have the opportunity to export any of their goods or services. During this stage, the organization is still producing and distributing its products in the domestic market. Moreover, in the second stage, the firm is known as a passive exporter, where it has the opportunity to export its goods or services. However, they only represent upon request; therefore, there is no self-initiative. To continue, in the third stage, the firm is known as an active exporter, when it is increasing export activities abroad. With respect to the explanations, it is clear that Bell (1995) and Gripsrud (1990) mainly focus on the idea that internationalization develops in a number of stages. It happens gradually, not just with a single movement. 3.1 Process of Internationalization There are six steps that have been used for understanding about the internationalization of the small and medium enterprises. This process is not mattered only for the small and medium firms but applied in larger firms as well (Moberg and Palm, 1995 in Jennie and Zetterwall). These steps involved respectively, why internationalization (motives), company situation (SWOT), what (product and service), where (market selection), how (entry modes), and when (point of entrance). 3.1.1. Find out motives for internationalization. When a company goes internationalization it is often driven by certain stimuli or stimulus. Sometimes external and internal pressure such as competition, excess capacity of resources and a small and decline home markets put pressure on the company for becoming international. Other time firms go international because they want to. They have a unique product that is not widely available from international competitors or a technological advance in a special field (Czincota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.2. Clearly define the current situation of the enterprise (through conducting a SWOT analysis). To enter a foreign market does not mean new opportunities, but also a totally new situation with new environment and cultures. To find out whether a firm is ready to meet and handle this new situation or not, a complete analysis of the company situation has to be done by using SWOT analysis (Thompson Strickland, 1995, in Jennie Zetterwall). Companys economy, production, personnel, marketing, international experience and language capabilities are some factors those must be analyzed into SWOT analysis (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Potential markets and marketing environment have to be analyzed to find attractive opportunities and avoid environmental threats. 3.1.3. Decide on the product or service enterprise wish to integrate in this process. The success of the firm depends on its products offered and on how well the firm is able to differentiate the product or service from what the competitors offer. When a company enters in a new market it should start with a small share of the assortment, mainly quality products or already established products. 3.1.4. Select the right market to penetrate. When firm decides to enter foreign markets, the customers and market conditions are quite different from their home market. That stage firms need to enhance international marketing strategies considering different aspect of the marketing such as product, price, promotion, place, logistics, competition, and so on. The firms strategies decided, whether use to the existing product or develop a new product to serve the foreign market. A firm operating the international marketing should not only identify the product for different markets but should also develop suitable strategies for growth such products. Whether a single standardized can be offered worldwide or a customize product need to be develop for each market is the most significant product decision that firms has to do while operating in international markets. In the international market, decision related to quality, packaging and labeling of product require specific attention and consideration. Product strategy of the firm in in ternational markets is often influenced by cultural context (Joshi, 2005). Therefore, it is a responsibility of the manager/owner to know the taste and preferences of the customer in a target market, and formulate the product strategy according to the marketing conditions. Sometime color, size, and packaging of the product play vital role in the success of the firm (Joshi, 2005). 3.1.5. Decide on mode of entry. After the selection of the market has been done, the company has to decide how to approach the foreign market. A firm can, for example choose to sell directly to the final consumer, to sell indirectly through distributors and/ or agents, or to produce locally in foreign countries. The choice depend on factors such as, resource of the exporting company, the characteristics of the product, the goal of the internationalization, the distribution culture in foreign markets, and the number and demand of the customer (Czinkota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.6. Find the right moment to do it. Furthermore, a company has to determine when to enter the foreign market. The company must be sure that market is ready, that the company has enough resources and the right market channel and product for specific market (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Meanwhile, Masurel and Montfort (2006) explored the changes between stages in the life cycle of small and medium-sized enterprises in the professional services sector. They distinguish four different, subsequent stages in the life cycle. 1. Starting; 2. Growth; 3. Maturity; 4. Decline. They found that the first three stages represent an increase in diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, the diversification in sales, differentiations in labor force, and labor productivity all drop. As growth as one crucial key in this life cycle, SMEs starts internationalization which has become more and more relevant to the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. Recently, SMEs that start with a global strategy can change swiftly to take advantage of cross-border activities, which offers chances not only for revenue growth but also the exchange of knowledge and the development of capabilities, thereby strengthe ning the long-term competitiveness of the firm. 3.2. The Models of Internationalization Tookey (1969) developed an early example of modeling progression through various steps, pre-dating the Uppssalla model; this involved the advancement of the firm from exporting, to international marketing and finally international business The behavioural approach of the Uppsala views internationalization as having four stages (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, Johanson and Vahlne 1977) while Bilkey and Tesar (1977) identify six steps, Aijo (1977), Cavusgil (1980) and Reid (1981) identify five, while Czinkota (1982) identifies six. Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Stage 1: No regular export activities; Stage 2: Export via agents; Stage 3: Establishment of a sales subsidiary; Stage 4: Production or manufacturing in a foreign market. Bilkey and Tesar (1977) Stage 1: Management not interested in exporting; Stage 2: Management willing to fill unsolicited orders but not effort made to explore feasibility of actively exporting; Stage 3: Management actively explores feasibility of active exporting; Stage 4: Firm exports experimentally to psychologically close county; Stage 5: Firm is now an experienced exporter; Stage 6: Management explore feasibility of exporting to psychologically distant countries. Cavusgil (1980) Stage 1: Firm sells only in domestic market; Stage 2: Pre-export phase, the firm searches for information and evaluates feasibility of starting to export; Stage: Experimental involvement, firm begins exporting to psychologically close country; Stage 4: Active involvement, exporting to more new countries, direct exporting and increase in sales volume. Czinkota (1982) Stage 1: The completely uninterested firm; Stage 2: The partially interested firm; Stage 3: The exploring firm; Stage 4: The experimental firm; Stage 5: The experienced small exporter; Stage 6: The experienced large exporter. Reid (1981) Stage 1: Export awareness, problem of opportunity recognition and arousal of need; Stage 2: Export intention, motivation, attitude, beliefs and exporting about exporting; Stage 3: Export trial, personal experience from limited exporting; Stage 4: Export evaluation, results from engaging in exporting; Stage 5: Export acceptance, adoption of exporting or rejection of exporting. 4. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONALIZATION Drivers of Internationalization There must be some motivations behind the decision to go international. Leonidou, Katsikeas and Percy (1998) determine that organizations are typically willing to market themselves for four reasons. First, it may be due to slow growth in the domestic economy as evidenced by a reduction in the number of the home market opportunities. Consequently, an organization will look for other opportunities by entering new international markets (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Second, there may be a trade deficit followed by currency devaluation and a number of export restrictions. Third, the world trading system may become more liberalized leading to a minimization of international market entry barriers. Forth, it might be more intensive global competition in the global business environment. All these trends have developed the dynamic of exports. The creation of exports is not only due to the self-initiative of a company, but also by the government. This is also confirmed by Gripsrud (1990) who suggests that the government of a country may believe their firms to think globally by expanding their service areas to foreign markets, due to the expectation of an increasing volume of exports from the country. Thus, it will help the economy of that country. Furthermore, OECD (2009) also analyzed motivations for small and medium-sized internationalization including growth motives, knowledge-related motives, network or stoical ties and domestic or regional market factors. 4.1.1 Growth Motives Growth opportunities associated with international markets were identified as a key driver of firm internationalization in several recent studies (Orser et al., 2008), (Rundh, 2007), (Barnes et al., 2006), (Reynolds, 2007). The possibility of growth in other markets and increased profit opportunities from international expansion were highlighted as key stimuli for exporting. Firms overseas venturing decision also seems to be motivated by a need for business growth, profits, an increased market size, a stronger market position, and to reduce dependence on a single or small number of markets. The growth motives is very closely linked to maximizing returns and minimizing costs in purchasing, production and sales. 4.1.2 Knowledge-related Motives Garvey and Brennan (2006) suggest that knowledge assets both push and pull SMEs into international markets. The push dimension pertains to the importance of managers previous international experience and related management capacity factors. There are also related findings on the internationalization triggering effects of knowledge aspects, including RD investment, innovation capabilities, unique product or technology, and language skills; and firm resource base, as indicated by such proxies as size, age, and experience. 4.1.3 Network or Social Ties and Supply Chain Links Camara and Simoes (2008) have highlighted the importance of network/social ties and supply chain links in triggering SMEs first internationalization step and extending internationalization processes. The research studies particularly reported the stimulating effect on export activity of firms soft assets, including social and network capital, some of which may have accrued through managers immigrant background and associated links. 4.1.4 Domestic or Regional Market Drivers There is also support from recent relevant research (Lopez, 2007), (Staoian, 2006) on the push effects of firms limited or stagnating domestic market on internationalization behavior. The enterprise differed significantly in their export tendency, with export propensity increasing in regions with less favorable domestic conditions, local incentives to export and good export infrastructure. Recent evidence from Chile and Indonesia further suggest a greater tendency to export among firms from sectors characterized by high levels of export intensity and presence of foreign buyers. The Indonesian finding on the importance of foreign buyers presence is significant as it reinforces the earlier observed need to boost SMEs role in global value chains through facilitating their integration into production or supply systems of foreign affiliates of larger firms (OECD, 2008). 4.2. Barriers to Internationalization In order to identify the term internationalization with the main focus of the thesis, Coviello and McAuley (1999) stated that not only large organizations, but also small and medium sized organizations, can become global. In addition, they also state that the international expansion of an SME is certainly useful when it comes to contributing to the economic growth and prosperity of a country. However, one thing that should be remembered is that not every SME is ready to expand into international markets. Despite the fact that they have small or medium sized organizations, there must be some factors and limitations in terms of finding global market opportunities. There have been a number of studies which have focused on the barriers to internationalization (Leonidou, 1995; Campbell 1994; Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994, Morgan 1997). The barriers to internationalization can be categorized into five broad areas: financial, managerial, market based (including both the domestic and international markets), industry specific and firm specific. It is widely acknowledged that barriers to internationalization can exist at any stage in the internationalization process (Morgan, 1997). Furthermore, the perception of the barriers can vary in intensity depending on the degree of internationalization of the individual firm (Burton and Schlegeliclch, 1987; Cavusgil, 1984; Kedia and Chhokar, 1986; Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994). 4.2.1 Financial Barriers Limitations in finance and related physical resources have continued to be highlighted as a leading barrier to the internationalization of SMEs. It including financial barriers in general (Campbell, 1994; Burpitt Rondinelli, 2000), resource availability ( Karagozoglu Lindell, 1998), cost of operating overseas (Bilkey, 1978), and limited access to capital and credit ( Buckley, 1989; Coviello McAuley, 1999). The pertinent evidence include the observed disadvantages faced by enterprises international new ventures or early-stage SME exporters, relative to their more established counterparts, in regard to accessing operating and term loans and the terms thereof. Lack of capital requirements and other firm resources and limited access to key infrastructure were also reported by SMEs. 4.2.2. Managerial Barriers Difficulties arising from limited managerial knowledge base emerge as a top barrier to SME internationalization in several recent surveys. Managerial barriers are including managerial attitudes (Andersson, 2000; Burpitt Rondinelli, 2000), lack of international experience and skills (Karagozoglu Lindell), limited management time (Coviello McAuley, 1999; Buckley, 1989), commitment, and partnership difficulties. Managerial risk perceptions and lac